Measurement Quantization

199 Discoveries

362 discovery-significance points83 contribution groups

One first-principles framework across the physical sciences.

Foundations & unification
37
- Fundamental measures
- Frames mapping
- Structural laws
Gravitation & relativity
28
- Gravity
- Relativity
- Metric structure
Electromagnetism
13
- Fine structure
- Charge
- Electromagnetic constants
Quantum physics
35
- Measurement
- Dynamics
- Gauge and spin structure
Cosmology
55
- Hubble expansion
- CMB
- Cosmic geometry
Galaxies & lensing
19
- Rotation curves
- Lensing
- Dark-matter phenomenology
Precision tests
12
- Cross-regime tests
- Controls
- No-go and consistency results

199 discoveries organized into seven browsing groups. These bars count entries in the discovery catalog; the scoring explanation below describes how related entries are grouped.

Historical Contributions from Figures in Physics and Astronomy

Discovery-significance points

MQ-dependent discoveries — 334 pointsMQ-independent discoveries — 28 pointsHistorical contributionsGeiger total — 362 points

Frameworks and discoveries made with them both count. A scientific framework can receive credit alongside the distinct physical predictions, explanations, observations, mathematical methods and scoped theorems developed with it. A result does not lose credit merely because it follows mathematically from a framework. Unit conversions, equivalent statements of the same result, duplicate reports and several statistical summaries of one test share credit.

How the count and points relate. “199 Discoveries” names the MQ research catalog. Its entries contain proposed discoveries, supporting results and mathematical consequences. The scoring identifies 83 distinct credited contributions worth 362 points. Related catalog entries can support the same contribution, and established content does not receive rediscovery credit. The title does not mean that every catalog entry is separately original or experimentally confirmed.

Geiger’s bar comprises 334 MQ-dependent points in gold and 28 MQ-independent points in teal, totaling 362 points. The independent portion contains 14 credited contributions that can be formulated or tested without accepting MQ’s physical ontology or Frames mapping. It includes qualified borderline mathematical/model diagnostics. Independence does not mean experimental confirmation.

The same stated rule applies to the selected historical inventory and the 19 historical figures in the comparison. The 1526–2025 historical benchmark contains 428 scored events worth 3,032 points. A framework’s inventor is not automatically credited with discoveries later made by others. Substantive collaborators can each receive non-exclusive personal credit, so personal scores must not be summed as a count of unique historical events.

Examples illustrate the distinction. Einstein’s general relativity and its specific perihelion, light-deflection and gravitational-redshift results receive separate consideration. Maxwell’s electromagnetic framework and radiation-pressure prediction are distinct. MQ’s proposed fundamental-measure/Planck-expression derivation is credited separately from its physical realization-difference prediction. Conventional Planck units retain their defined meanings; MQ’s proposed realizations are not treated as independently confirmed corrections to those definitions. Calibration inputs and the conditions of each derivation remain explicit.

The rubric uses 37 categories and five significance tiers. Tiers I–V receive 16, 8, 4, 2 and 1 point. MQ is scored on the stated assumption that its properly qualified claims prove valid. A new derivation of an established outcome can receive derivation credit without reassigning the historical discovery of that outcome. Source restrictions and imported target dynamics limit what is credited.

These point assignments are AI-derived analytical estimates under a common scoring rubric. They are not conventional historiography or an objective ranking of scientific greatness. Source coverage, novelty judgments, grouping and tier choices affect the totals. This is a documented selection of contributions, not exhaustive lifetime output or a verified all-time top 19. Some source checks are bibliographic or abstract-level; not every proof, dataset or worldwide priority claim has been independently verified. The accompanying workbook records all decisions, sources, attribution and formulas.

View the discovery-significance score table

The table gives the exact chart values. Indented descriptions identify the scored contributions. Geiger’s list covers 83 credited contributions across both parts of his stacked bar; historical descriptions identify the credited events, including shared work.

Contributor	Points	Scope
Jody Geiger	362	334 MQ-dependent + 28 MQ-independent points
MQ physical framework, Mapping non-composition, Geometric non-referenceability, Physical-branching obstruction, Universe initiation, Dimensionality selection, Singularity exclusion, Baryonic density bound, Planck-scale derivation, Common invariant, X-ray polarization relation, Planck realization difference, Newton–Planck coupling, Non-Lorentz contraction, Electromagnetic demarcation, Gravitational coupling realization, Gravitational mode difference, Fine-structure relationships, Charge-count construction, Count-based gravity, Continuum gravity reconstruction, Equivalence derivation, Relativistic motion derivation, Gravitational clock realization, Energy relationships, Angular-momentum derivation, Quantum realization framework, Probability-rule derivation, Schrödinger reconstruction, Measurement realization, Contextual Bell statistics, Classical record emergence, Relativistic gauge reconstruction, Hubble-rate relationship, CMB temperature relationship, Quantum-epoch construction, Epoch-scale relationship, Causal-horizon explanation, Cosmic homogeneity mechanism, Baryon-asymmetry mechanism, Large-structure seeding, Early-galaxy formation, Cosmic age construction, Cosmic mass growth, Geometric domain partition, Dark-energy fraction, Matter fraction relationship, Geometric cosmic curvature, Cosmic expansion evolution, Cosmic shape inference, Large-scale flow interpretation, Galactic acceleration scale, Galactic response derivation, Flat rotation curves, Realizable-mass bound, Orbital velocity bound, SPARC population test, Milky Way test, WISE mass control, Weak-field lensing, Cluster lensing excess, Cluster collision offsets, CMB spectral construction, Tully–Fisher derivation, Closure validity criteria, Mapped metric reconstruction, Dwarf-population test, Redshift-dependent galaxy velocities, Boundary-mass solution, Cosmic density scalings, Normalization characterization, Action-class obstruction, Refinement repair, Cosmological scalar scaling, Background compatibility test, Metric-variation diagnostic, Coherent-action realization, Readout-fiber kinetic diagnostic, Joint-count realization, Gradient-normalization obstruction, Positive-count Dirac method, Gradient stress diagnostic, Cosmic curvature coefficient
Albert Einstein	158	Historical contributions
Mass–energy equivalence, Brownian motion, Photoelectric effect, Special relativity, Equivalence principle, General relativity, Gravitational waves, Stimulated emission, Cosmological constant, EPR argument, Quantum specific heat, Bose–Einstein condensation, Radiation fluctuations, Einstein–de Haas effect, Stellar gravitational lensing, Statistical equilibrium theory, Mercury perihelion advance, Gravitational light deflection, Gravitational redshift
Paul Dirac	68	Historical contributions
Quantum transformation theory, Fermi–Dirac statistics, Relativistic electron equation, Antimatter prediction, Quantum radiation theory, Monopole charge quantization, Radiation reaction, Constrained Hamiltonian dynamics, Electron magnetic moment
Richard Feynman	68	Historical contributions
Path integrals, Quantum electrodynamics, Feynman diagram method, Liquid-helium theory, V–A weak interaction, Quantum simulation, Parton model, Polaron method, Helium excitation spectrum
Isaac Newton	66	Historical contributions
Prism colour theory, Inverse-square gravitation, Laws of motion, Reflecting telescope, Fluxional calculus, Cooling-rate law, Linear viscous response, Earth oblateness, Lunisolar tides, Spherical-shell theorem
James Clerk Maxwell	66	Historical contributions
Gas velocity distribution, Electromagnetic field equations, Electromagnetic light, Trichromatic colour analysis, Saturn-ring stability, Governor stability, Gas transport theory, Thermodynamic derivative relations, Maxwell’s demon, Electrical unit comparison, Reciprocal force diagrams, Radiation-pressure prediction
Galileo Galilei	61	Historical contributions
Pendulum isochronism, Jupiter’s moons, Venus’s phases, Galilean relativity, Falling bodies, Lunar surface relief, Milky Way stars, Material strength, Parabolic projectile motion, Sunspot solar rotation
Enrico Fermi	56	Historical contributions
Fermi–Dirac statistics, Beta-decay theory, Neutron-induced radioactivity, Controlled chain reaction, Slow-neutron reactions, Cosmic-ray acceleration, Thomas–Fermi atomic model, Nonlinear lattice recurrence, Equivalent-photon method
Werner Heisenberg	52	Historical contributions
Matrix mechanics, Uncertainty principle, Proton–neutron nuclear model, Exchange ferromagnetism, Scattering-matrix formulation, Helium exchange spectra, Hydrogen allotropes
Ernest Rutherford	48	Historical contributions
Radioactive transmutation, Atomic nucleus, Artificial nuclear transmutation, Alpha–helium identification, Proton identification, Alpha–beta radiation distinction, Nuclear scattering law, Radioactive decay law
Hans Bethe	48	Historical contributions
Nuclear binding model, Stellar fusion chains, Lamb-shift calculation, Bethe ansatz, Quantum stopping power, Stellar-collapse state equation, Bremsstrahlung cross sections, Pair-production cross sections, Relativistic bound states
Johannes Kepler	46	Historical contributions
Supernova analysis, Planetary orbital laws, Orbital period law, Telescope lens optics, Retinal image optics, Inverse-square illumination
Edwin Hubble	44	Historical contributions
Extragalactic Andromeda, Distance–redshift relation, Galaxy classification, Galaxy spatial distribution, Redshift brightness test
Gustav Kirchhoff	44	Historical contributions
Chemical spectroscopy, Thermal radiation law, Elastic plate theory, Circuit laws, Electrical-wave propagation, Integral diffraction method, Caesium discovery, Rubidium discovery
Ludwig Boltzmann	44	Historical contributions
Statistical thermodynamics, Probabilistic entropy, Stefan-law derivation, Kinetic transport equation, H-theorem
Josiah Willard Gibbs	38	Historical contributions
Chemical thermodynamics, Statistical ensembles, Vector analysis, Graphical thermodynamic methods, Phase rule, Adsorption relationship
Michael Faraday	36	Historical contributions
Electromagnetic induction, Electrolysis laws, Magneto-optic effect, Diamagnetism, Electromagnetic rotation, Dielectric response
J. J. Thomson	34	Historical contributions
Electron discovery, Electron charge-to-mass ratio, Neon mass evidence, Ion-charge measurement, Positive-ray mass analysis
Joseph-Louis Lagrange	32	Historical contributions
Analytical mechanics, Equilateral three-body solutions, Calculus of variations, Secular planetary perturbations
Max Planck	32	Historical contributions
Blackbody radiation law, Blackbody energy quanta, Natural units, Statistical diffusion equation

View the MQ-independent contributions

This table describes the 14 credited independent contributions worth 28 points. The independent-view panels below show the contributions and related results. Mathematical separation does not establish empirical confirmation or exclusive novelty.

Contribution	Points	Scope
SPARC population test	4	One full-population test; signed residuals and quality subsets are summaries of the same test, not additional independent populations.
Milky Way rotation test	2	A distinct target system is counted separately. The same-baryonic-data MOND/RAR overlay is a control, not an additional independent dataset.
Independent stellar-mass control	2	Independent stellar-mass information tests a different calibration sensitivity from the rotation-curve fit itself.
Held-out dwarf-population test	4	A separately specified out-of-SPARC population test is distinct from full-sample SPARC summaries. Conditional data/model qualifications are retained.
Weighted-kernel refinement repair	1	Narrow credit for the specified repair construction; rational commensurability itself is established mathematics.
Cosmological scalar-scaling obstruction	4	Credit the positive inverse-area result for the stated model, not a universal theorem about every cosmological constant.
Flat-dust background compatibility test	2	A restricted model/background compatibility diagnostic is distinct from the scalar-scaling theorem. Bianchi identity is not newly discovered.
Primitive variation sufficiency diagnostic	1	Restricted credit for identifying the source model’s missing admissible metric variations, not discovery of Lorentzian signature.
Coherent finite-action realization method	1	Narrow method credit for the declared admissible realization construction; no credit for inventing general quadratic-form factorization or selecting the supplied physical action.
Readout-fiber kinetic diagnostic	1	Restricted counterexample/diagnostic within the declared model. Density/phase underdetermination in conventional quantum mechanics is not reassigned.
Joint coherent-count realization method	1	Narrow credit for the specified joint realization construction, not first discovery of interference or entanglement.
Gradient-normalization obstruction	2	A scoped normalization obstruction is a distinct result; homogeneity as mathematical machinery is not newly discovered.
Positive-count Dirac comparison method	2	One encoding/update/error-control method; normalization lemmas and standard spin variations support it. No new Dirac equation, primitive generator or general spin algebra is claimed.
Gradient-action non-vacuum stress diagnostic	1	The non-vacuum stress conclusion is physically different from the normalization obstruction, although both concern the same action family. The pressure-variation identity is known.

Read principal source examples and review limits

Framework-and-result source examples include Einstein’s Mercury result, Feynman’s diagram method, Cooper’s pairing result, the BCS framework, and MQ’s Planck-expression construction. MQ statements are scored within the source’s conditions and the declared validity premise.

The accompanying workbook records 141 source entries, score assignments, group membership and contributor attribution. Sources include full research texts, original-work catalog records and inventory references. A catalog record establishes a work’s existence, not every priority claim.

Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory; reciprocal diagrams; Einstein’s equilibrium construction; Dirac’s constrained dynamics; Bethe’s stopping-power theory; collaborative stellar-collapse equation of state; the empirical radial acceleration relation; a discrete Dirac construction; Geiger’s published Measurement Quantization paper. MQ formulations are documented in the project’s MQKB523 source records. Publication does not establish experimental validation.

Measurement Quantization (MQ) has developed into a research program spanning the foundations of physical measure, gravitation, relativity, quantum mechanics, cosmology, galactic dynamics, and unification. Across these areas, the catalog presents 199 discoveries, organized into 83 contribution groups for scoring.

The overview organizes the discovery catalog by physical subject rather than chronology. The historical comparison above considers individual contributions; the framework comparison below examines selected contributions by physical subfield.

These discoveries represent results developed within the MQ research program and should not be read as statements of scientific consensus. Their significance depends on the validity of the underlying derivations and their continued agreement with experiment and observation.

Each numerical row identifies its calibration or comparison year. Parentheses give uncertainty in the final quoted digits. The 2010 and 2014 CODATA recommendations are historical reference sets; 2022 remains the stated input calibration for current MQ calculations. Geometric domains and measured cosmological components are distinguished at each comparison.

Comparison with Major Physical Frameworks

A selected contribution inventory across seven areas of physics

The historical comparison above concerns individual contributors and significance points. Table 1 instead compares named contributions associated with major physical frameworks. It asks which physical questions appear in the reviewed work and how many distinct contributions have been identified within each subfield.

Counts include established results and contributions awaiting physical confirmation. They count physical predictions, new derivations, formal constructions and distinct tests under the same admission rule. A formal result can be mathematically established while its proposed physical interpretation remains unconfirmed. These are counts of selected contributions, not a ranking of experimental success.^a

The MQ column uses the page’s existing 83 credited contribution groups, rather than its 199 catalog entries. The other columns contain selected published results and source-indexed constructions. A best-effort investigation sought broad coverage of the relevant academic literature for every framework, using common contribution criteria and without restricting access to scholarly resources by framework. Coverage remains incomplete for all frameworks, including MQ; the extent of any difference in completeness has not been quantified. The notes and contribution register below document the investigation and its judgments.^j

Contribution counts and empirical evidence

Every one of the 251 contributions in this inventory has now received an explicit evidence grade. The black number in each cell is its contribution count. The light background represents the average evidence grade for those contributions, converted to a 0–100 index. The same scale applies to every framework, subfield and subtotal.

The five grades are 0 for no separate empirical credit, including formal results, currently untestable claims or a documented limitation rather than positive support; 1 for a specified testable proposal without established confirmation; 2 for indirect compatibility, recovery of a known result, an input-calibrated relationship or a fitted/retrospective comparison; 3 for quantitative observational support with stated assumptions; and 4 for repeated independent empirical support for the contribution’s physical consequences within tested limits. A grade of zero is an assessment, not a missing entry. It does not imply that a mathematical result is incorrect or scientifically unimportant.

The cell index is 25 times the mean grade of its underlying contributions. Ten contributions at the same evidence grade therefore receive the same index as one, while ten well-supported contributions differ from ten weakly supported proposals. Major-category cells and the bottom evidence row use the underlying records, not an unweighted average of subfield averages. All contributions, including formal work, remain in the denominator. The two bottom rows show contribution counts and the evidence index. The notes and expandable register provide a reason and source trail for every grade.

This complete rating layer is an editorial evidence index, not a universal sigma statistic. Published sigma distances and goodness-of-fit results remain attached to their particular tests. They cannot be assigned to formal theorems or added into a valid theory-wide significance. A smaller prediction–measurement sigma distance means closer agreement; detection significance has a different meaning. The index summarizes the recorded level of empirical support, including its qualifications, rather than pretending those different quantities are interchangeable. Grade boundaries and equal weights are judgment choices, not measured intervals or probabilities.

Evidence index0 · No separate empirical credit25 · Testable proposal50 · Indirect / fitted75 · Quantitative support100 · Repeated supportGray also marks empty cells. All nonempty cells have a completed evidence assessment; a zero index is not “unrated.”

Table 1. Contributions by physical subfield; cell color shows the evidence index^a^k
Area / subfield	MQ^b	GR^c	QM/SM^d	ΛCDM^e	MOND^f	Strings^g	LQG^h	APGⁱ
Foundations & unification	10	3	3	0	2	9	5	1
Fundamental measures	2	0	1	0	0	1	2	0
Constants & relationships	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Spacetime & dimensions	3	1	0	0	0	3	1	1
Actions & dynamical foundations	2	2	1	0	2	1	2	0
Unification & theory recovery	1	0	1	0	0	4	0	0
Gravitation & relativity	12	17	0	0	4	2	4	0
Gravitational dynamics	4	4	0	0	2	1	1	0
Equivalence & relativistic motion	3	3	0	0	1	0	0	0
Clocks & time dilation	2	3	0	0	0	0	0	0
Light & gravitational waves	0	4	0	0	1	0	1	0
Horizons & singularities	3	3	0	0	0	1	2	0
Electromagnetism	4	0	13	0	0	1	0	0
Charge & quantization	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0
Coupling & fine structure	2	0	2	0	0	0	0	0
Electromagnetic fields	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0
Radiation & polarization	1	0	5	0	0	0	0	0
Electroweak symmetry	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0
Quantum & particle physics	12	0	26	0	0	5	1	5
Quantum dynamics	3	0	5	0	0	1	1	0
Measurement & probability	4	0	4	0	0	0	0	0
Interference & entanglement	2	0	4	0	0	1	0	0
Spin & particle structure	2	0	5	0	0	1	0	0
Gauge theory & scattering	1	0	8	0	0	2	0	5
Cosmology	22	2	0	13	3	3	2	2
Early-universe dynamics	5	0	0	1	0	1	1	0
Expansion & cosmic age	3	1	0	2	0	0	0	0
CMB & primordial fluctuations	2	0	0	3	2	0	1	2
Cosmic matter & asymmetry	3	0	0	3	0	1	0	0
Dark energy & structure growth	9	1	0	4	1	1	0	0
Galaxies & lensing	12	1	0	6	9	0	0	0
Galaxy rotation curves	3	0	0	1	2	0	0	0
Acceleration & scaling laws	3	0	0	1	3	0	0	0
Dwarfs & stellar dynamics	1	0	0	1	2	0	0	0
Clusters & merging systems	4	0	0	2	1	0	0	0
Lensing & mass distributions	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0
Precision tests & consistency	11	5	7	3	3	3	3	2
Laboratory precision tests	1	1	2	0	0	0	0	0
Independent-data tests	1	2	1	1	0	0	0	0
Limits & cross-regime consistency	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0
Consistency & obstruction results	5	1	2	0	1	2	1	1
Robustness & calibration controls	2	0	1	1	1	0	1	1
Contribution counts^j	83	28	49	22	21	23	15	10
Evidence index (0–100)^k	29.2	75.0	87.8	65.9	47.6	6.5	1.7	0.0

All numbers are black. Background color encodes the mean empirical-evidence grade, not the size of the count. Major-area rows are subtotals. Indented rows partition each subtotal. A zero means no admitted item in this selected inventory. GR = general relativity; QM/SM = conventional quantum mechanics and the Standard Model; ΛCDM = standard cold-dark-matter cosmology with a cosmological constant; MOND includes the specified relativistic extensions; Strings = string theory and related constructions; LQG includes specified loop-quantum-cosmology applications; APG = the Arkani-Hamed collaborative amplituhedron/positive-geometry program.

Scope, attribution, and evidence

^aCounting rule and audit scope. Each number counts named contributions in the review inventory, including established physical results, proposed physical results, formal constructions and distinct empirical tests. A framework, its separately informative predictions, and a new derivation can each receive credit. Equivalent statements, unit conversions and repeated summaries share credit. Each contribution has one primary subfield per column. Shared or independently developed work can receive non-exclusive framework credit. A zero means that no item was admitted to this selected inventory; it does not establish theoretical impossibility or absence of relevant work. These are AI-assisted editorial classifications, not community-standard discovery statistics.

^bMeasurement Quantization. The MQ column allocates the existing 83 credited groups supporting the 199-entry catalog, rather than counting every catalog entry as a separate discovery. Its broader source is the supplied MQKB523 record, with the published 2023 MQ paper providing the published framework. Later source-record claims are not all results of that paper. Conditional reconstructions and scoped diagnostics retain their stated assumptions and imported inputs. The former browsing totals of 37, 28, 13, 35, 55, 19 and 12 count catalog entries and are not the contribution subtotals used here. Framework independence does not imply independent empirical confirmation.

^cGeneral relativity. GR denotes relativistic gravitation and its direct mathematical constructions and tests. The selected inventory credits geometry, gravitational dynamics, light propagation, wave emission and strong-field results. It does not claim that GR independently supplies quantum particle physics. Primary anchors include Einstein’s field-equation construction, Kerr’s rotating solution, Penrose’s singularity result and the first direct binary-black-hole gravitational-wave detection. Will’s peer-reviewed review identifies the wider experimental literature.

^dQuantum mechanics and the Standard Model. QM/SM groups conventional quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, the electroweak theory and quantum chromodynamics. It is intentionally a broad family, rather than a single historically authored theory. The inventory credits physical predictions, field-theory constructions, calculation methods and distinct tests, while avoiding a separate count for every particle channel or repeated measurement. Dirac’s electron construction, Feynman’s path-integral formulation and a loophole-free Bell experiment are primary examples. The Particle Data Group review collection, electroweak review and QCD review supply specialist reference trails. Neutrino masses are not credited as predictions of the minimal Standard Model.

^eStandard cosmology. ΛCDM denotes the cold-dark-matter plus cosmological-constant model and its cosmological applications using relativistic gravity and conventional microphysics. Its counts include parameter inferences, observable-spectrum calculations and distinct consistency tests, not a claim that it originally discovered every ingredient it employs. Separate density inferences are retained as different physical quantities; repeated estimates of the same density share credit. Primary anchors include Planck’s cosmological-parameter analysis, Planck’s lensing analysis and the halo-profile construction. The PDG cosmology review supplies additional context. Fitted densities are not first-principles derivations of particle properties.

^fMOND and specified extensions. MOND includes the nonrelativistic phenomenology and identified relativistic extensions, rather than implying that the original prescription alone predicts cosmology or lensing. The selected works include QUMOND, TeVeS, TeVeS cosmological perturbations and the Aether-scalar-tensor construction. Their conditions differ. Cluster residual-mass discrepancies receive credit as a scoped diagnostic, not as a solved cluster problem. The Famaey–McGaugh review provides the galaxy phenomenology and reference trail. Acceleration relations do not independently establish MOND as their unique cause.

^gString theory. Strings includes perturbative string theories, D-branes, compactification constructions and closely related gauge/gravity methods. Primary anchors are Maldacena’s duality proposal, the Strominger–Vafa black-hole microstate result and the conditional KKLT vacuum construction; Blau and Theisen’s review identifies other foundational results. Mathematical achievements receive credit without requiring laboratory confirmation, as they do for MQ and the other programs. No item here establishes that a particular string vacuum describes our universe. The de Sitter construction is conditional and remains debated.

^hLoop quantum gravity. LQG includes its connection, quantum-geometry and spin-foam constructions, with explicitly identified loop-quantum-cosmology applications. The area and volume spectra are formal kinematical results; they are not direct detections of discrete physical geometry. Entropy and semiclassical claims retain their assumptions. Ashtekar, Pawlowski and Singh’s cosmological construction is a primary anchor. Rovelli’s LQG review and Bojowald’s cosmology review identify the wider literature. A bounce in a restricted model is not a completed singularity-resolution theorem for all spacetimes.

ⁱArkani-Hamed and collaborators. APG denotes the amplituhedron, positive geometry and closely related scattering/cosmological-correlator program, not all of Nima Arkani-Hamed’s research. Primary works include the amplituhedron, positive geometries and canonical forms, kinematic scattering forms, the winding/sign-flip characterization, cosmological polytopes and the cosmological bootstrap. Supersymmetric planar gauge-theory results and cosmological toy-model results retain those restrictions. Formal recovery of locality or unitarity within these constructions is not counted again as an independent experimental discovery.

^jCoverage and interpretation. The investigation aimed to identify contributions as comprehensively as practicable across all eight frameworks. The same access to available scholarly resources and the same contribution criteria were applied without a framework-based restriction. This does not establish identical search depth or completeness. Every column remains open to additions from the academic record, including MQ; it has not been established how much completeness differs between columns. The inherited 83-group MQ ledger is a starting inventory, not a ceiling on MQ research. A contribution requires a citable academic research record; private assertions alone do not qualify. The register distinguishes published research, source-indexed constructions and supplied MQKB records, and identifies where publication-level verification remains outstanding. The counts therefore provide a documented comparison of the contributions identified in this investigation. They combine formal and physical work with differing evidential status and do not measure comparative truth, probability, importance or experimental confirmation. Columns overlap and must not be summed into unique world discoveries. This section is separate from the significance-point chart above. The review is dated 25 October 2026, and the source dates and limits of inspection are recorded below.

^kComplete evidence grading. Every inventory contribution has one explicit grade from zero to four, a contribution-specific rationale and a reference trail. These are provisional, AI-assisted editorial judgments based on the screened research record, not grades issued by the authors or the academic community. The classification distinguishes direct physical support from fitted comparisons, shared-input identities and formal achievements. A new derivation of an already tested law can receive indirect-compatibility credit without inheriting independent confirmation of its proposed origin. A conditional theorem can be mathematically valuable while receiving no empirical credit. The same rules apply to all frameworks. A repeated-support grade concerns the specified contribution within tested limits, not confirmation of every statement in the framework. Model tensions and specific limitations are retained in the individual reasons. Independent data are required for a repeated-support classification; correlated summaries do not become multiple confirmations.

Normalization and interpretation. The index is 25 times the arithmetic mean of the assigned grades. Every contribution has equal editorial weight; zero-grade formal or uncorroborated contributions are included rather than discarded. The denominator is therefore the counted inventory, not only its successful tests. Subtotals and footer values are calculated directly from unique contribution records within each framework, so no result is re-added merely because it appears in a subtotal. Shared data and related contributions still prevent interpreting the index as a combined probability or statistical significance. Programs rich in formal work will have a lower empirical index by design; this does not assess their mathematical achievement, originality or future promise. Different defensible grouping or grading choices can change the index. The selected-inventory and source-coverage qualifications in note j continue to apply.

ΛCDM has quantitative fit assessments. The 2025 ACT DR6 analysis, accepted JCAP version reports an overall Planck–ACT chi-square of 1842 for 1897 degrees of freedom, with an 81% probability to exceed, using the paper’s stated data selection and degree-of-freedom convention. Its updated Planck–ACT plus DESI DR2 fit has a probability to exceed of 0.13, and the two parameter constraints agree at a reported 1.6-sigma separation in the specified two-dimensional comparison. These are different assessments of specified datasets, not competing estimates of a single universal ΛCDM sigma. They provide documented quantitative support while leaving Hubble-rate and dark-energy tensions open. The evidence grades do not convert an 81% fit probability into an 81% chance that the model is true.

Numerical examples remain source-specific. The earlier GR examples remain a 1.063-sigma orbital-decay ratio comparison from Weisberg and Huang (2016) and a 0.978-sigma strong-equivalence parameter from Williams and collaborators (2004). The Institute’s reported MQ copper-mode comparison is 0.743 sigma from its fixed prediction under the reported uncertainty; its grade 3 credits a quantified comparison with independently collected measurements, not confirmation of MQ as the physical cause. That author-reported reanalysis was not independently reconstructed here, and unresolved instrumental explanations prevent repeated-confirmation credit. Author-led analyses of independently collected data are eligible for grade 3 under the same rule across frameworks; authorship alone is neither confirmation nor a disqualification. Smaller residuals alone do not establish more predictive power, especially when uncertainties are broad or inputs are shared. These examples are not pooled into theory-wide sigmas.

Inspect all 251 contribution ratings and sources

Each entry gives its evidence grade, normalized individual index and reason. The grade is an editorial assessment of empirical support for this specific contribution. The count audit’s original source-screening depth is retained; assigning a grade does not claim independent reproduction of every proof or measurement. Formal correctness, physical confirmation and original priority remain different questions.

MQ — 83 contributions; evidence index 29.2/100

Fundamental measures

C009 — Fundamental-measure and Planck-expression derivation. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Input-calibrated fundamental-measure and Planck-expression relationships agree algebraically with conventional quantities; this is indirect compatibility, not a separate discreteness measurement. Sources: MQ.

C012 — Finite-count action/Planck realization difference. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The realization difference is a specified physical proposal, but separate direct confirmation is not established. Sources: MQ.

Constants & relationships

C010 — Common invariant and interconstant structure. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The interconstant network has numerical compatibility conditional on its shared calibration inputs. Sources: MQ.

C013 — Newton–Planck coupling relationship. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The Newton-Planck relationship recovers known quantitative relationships under the stated calibration assumptions. Sources: MQ.

Spacetime & dimensions

C001 — MQ physical framework. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The proposed physical ontology has no separately discriminating empirical test established by the screened record. Sources: MQ.

C003 — Primitive-region non-referenceability. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The referenceability restriction is a conditional structural result without a standalone measurement test. Sources: MQ.

C006 — Spatial dimensionality selection. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Agreement with observed dimensionality does not independently test the conditional dimensionality-selection argument. Sources: MQ.

Actions & dynamical foundations

C065 — Closure/holonomy validity criteria. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The closure/holonomy criteria are formal validity conditions, not directly measured physical outcomes. Sources: MQ.

C077 — Coherent finite-action realization method. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The finite-action realization method is a formal construction; numerical representation does not establish new physical dynamics. Sources: MQ.

Unification & theory recovery

C002 — Non-composition of successive mappings. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 A scoped mapping-composition theorem is a formal contribution, not an independently measured physical effect. Sources: MQ.

Gravitational dynamics

C016 — Gravitational constant realization. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The gravitational-constant realization is compared with measurements, retaining its calibration and realization assumptions. Sources: MQ.

C020 — Count-based gravitational response. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The proposed response recovers established gravitational behavior, providing indirect compatibility without unique validation of its origin. Sources: MQ.

C021 — Conditional continuum gravitational reconstruction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The continuum reconstruction recovers tested gravitational dynamics under the stated reconstruction assumptions. Sources: MQ.

C066 — Mapped metric reconstruction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The metric reconstruction is a formal construction; it does not alone provide a separate empirical test. Sources: MQ.

Equivalence & relativistic motion

C022 — Count-based equivalence construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The equivalence construction matches a tested physical principle, without an independent measurement distinguishing its derivation. Sources: MQ.

C023 — Geometric relativistic-motion construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The relativistic-motion reconstruction matches established kinematics, without independently selecting the MQ explanation. Sources: MQ.

C025 — Count-based energy relationships. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Known energy relationships are recovered; empirical success of the target relationships does not establish a unique MQ derivation. Sources: MQ.

Clocks & time dilation

C014 — Non-Lorentz finite-count contraction. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 A finite-count contraction effect is proposed, but the reviewed record does not establish an independently isolated contraction measurement. Sources: MQ.

C024 — Gravitational clock and length realization. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The clock construction recovers tested redshift/time-dilation behavior within its assumptions. Sources: MQ.

Horizons & singularities

C007 — Finite-measure singularity exclusion. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The singularity-exclusion construction has no direct empirical discrimination identified in this review. Sources: MQ.

C008 — Baryonic density bound. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The proposed limiting density is not directly accessed by a verified measurement in the screened record. Sources: MQ.

C069 — Finite-count boundary-mass solution. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The boundary-mass solution is formal/model-specific and has no separately established direct empirical validation here. Sources: MQ.

Charge & quantization

C019 — Charge-count and electromagnetic reconstruction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The charge-count construction reconstructs conventional electromagnetic quantities conditionally; it has no separate validation of its primitive ontology. Sources: MQ.

Coupling & fine structure

C015 — Electromagnetic demarcation construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The electromagnetic boundary construction is numerically related to established constants with shared input dependencies. Sources: MQ.

C018 — Fine-structure realization relationships. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Fine-structure relationships reproduce known calibrated quantities; dependent algebraic agreement is not an independent confirmation. Sources: MQ.

Radiation & polarization

C011 — X-ray polarization realization test. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The reported polarization-angle correspondence is a retrospective numerical comparison; separate independent validation of the MQ interpretation is not established. Sources: MQ.

Quantum dynamics

C027 — Amplitude-phase count realization. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The amplitude-phase construction reproduces conventional quantum structures rather than supplying a separately confirmed new effect. Sources: MQ.

C029 — Conditional Schrödinger reconstruction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The Schrodinger reconstruction recovers tested target dynamics, retaining imported dynamics and reconstruction conditions. Sources: MQ.

C078 — Readout-fiber kinetic diagnostic. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The readout-fiber diagnostic is a scoped counterexample/consistency result, not a measured physical effect. Sources: MQ.

Measurement & probability

C004 — Operational physical-branching obstruction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The operational branching obstruction is a scoped formal argument, not empirical exclusion of every competing interpretation. Sources: MQ.

C028 — Conditional probability-rule derivation. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The probability-rule construction recovers an empirically successful rule subject to the stated assumptions. Sources: MQ.

C030 — Non-collapse measurement realization. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The non-collapse realization has no independently discriminating measurement outcome established in the screened record. Sources: MQ.

C032 — Stable-record classical emergence. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The stable-record construction has no separately quantified empirical validation of the specific emergence mechanism in this inventory. Sources: MQ.

Interference & entanglement

C031 — Contextual Bell/CHSH realization. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The contextual construction reproduces known Bell-type statistics; those observations do not uniquely identify the MQ mechanism. Sources: MQ.

C079 — Joint coherent-count realization method. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The joint-count realization method is formal; agreement with supplied target quantum structure does not test its physical origin. Sources: MQ.

Spin & particle structure

C026 — Geometric angular-momentum quantization. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Angular-momentum quantization matches established quantum behavior, with the proposed geometric origin remaining conditional. Sources: MQ.

C081 — Positive-count Dirac comparison method. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The positive-count Dirac comparison is a representation/update method, not a new independently tested Dirac law. Sources: MQ.

Gauge theory & scattering

C033 — Conditional relativistic/gauge reconstruction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The relativistic/gauge reconstruction is compatible with successful target dynamics but does not independently validate imported dynamics. Sources: MQ.

Early-universe dynamics

C005 — Universe-initiation construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The initiation construction does not yet supply a separately confirmed observable of the initiation event. Sources: MQ.

C036 — Early quantum-epoch construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The early-epoch construction is compared with known thermal/chronological targets conditional on the model assumptions. Sources: MQ.

C037 — Early-epoch clock/scale relationship. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The early-epoch clock/scale relationship has physical observational implications, but separate independent confirmation is not established. Sources: MQ.

C038 — Causal-horizon explanation. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The horizon explanation addresses established cosmological observations without uniquely discriminating the MQ mechanism. Sources: MQ.

C039 — Early homogeneity/isotropy mechanism. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The homogeneity/isotropy mechanism is compatible with known observations but is not independently selected by them. Sources: MQ.

Expansion & cosmic age

C034 — Two-realization Hubble relationship. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The two-realization Hubble relationship is compared retrospectively with expansion-rate measurements under the specified model. Sources: MQ.

C043 — Cosmic age/extent construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The age/extent calculation is compared with cosmological inferences under the model assumptions. Sources: MQ.

C044 — Cosmic mass-growth relationship. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The cosmic mass-growth relationship offers testable evolution claims without established independent confirmation in this record. Sources: MQ.

CMB & primordial fluctuations

C035 — CMB temperature relationship. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The temperature relationship is numerically compared with the CMB temperature, with shared calibration inputs retained. Sources: MQ.

C063 — CMB spectral construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The reported spectral construction is compared with CMB observations; complete primitive perturbation dynamics and independent replication remain separate questions. Sources: MQ.

Cosmic matter & asymmetry

C040 — Baryon-asymmetry mechanism. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 A baryon-asymmetry mechanism is proposed; independent quantitative confirmation of the specific mechanism is not established. Sources: MQ.

C047 — Dark-matter/baryon fraction correspondence. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The matter-fraction correspondence is compared with inferred cosmic components under the stated mapping assumptions. Sources: MQ.

C070 — Age-dependent density scalings. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The age-dependent density scalings are physical predictions requiring discriminating observational tests. Sources: MQ.

Dark energy & structure growth

C041 — Early large-structure seeding. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The structure-seeding mechanism has observational implications, but independent validation of its specific dynamics is not established. Sources: MQ.

C042 — Early-galaxy formation consequence. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The early-galaxy consequence is observationally motivated, but a discriminating independent prediction test is not established here. Sources: MQ.

C045 — Geometric domain-partition construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The domain partition is a geometric construction; observed fractions alone do not directly measure the proposed domains. Sources: MQ.

C046 — Dark-energy fraction correspondence. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The dark-energy fraction correspondence matches a model-dependent inferred quantity rather than directly detecting its proposed origin. Sources: MQ.

C048 — Geometric cosmological-curvature interpretation. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The proposed curvature interpretation has observational implications, but a separately discriminating test is not established here. Sources: MQ.

C049 — Acceleration and future-evolution consequence. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The expansion/future-evolution consequence is a physical prediction with no independent confirmation of the distinctive future behavior. Sources: MQ.

C050 — Global-shape consequence. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The proposed global shape is not directly determined by the observations admitted to this inventory. Sources: MQ.

C051 — Large-scale flow interpretation. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The large-scale-flow interpretation requires a specific quantitative comparison before confirmation can be assigned. Sources: MQ.

C083 — Specified-realization curvature coefficient. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The specified curvature coefficient is model-defined; independent direct empirical determination is not established in this record. Sources: MQ.

Galaxy rotation curves

C054 — Flat-rotation consequence. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Flat-rotation behavior is reproduced, but those observations are not unique to the MQ mechanism. Sources: MQ.

C058 — Milky Way rotation test. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 The reported Milky Way test quantitatively compares a specified response with independent observations and a stated baryonic covariance; external replication of its interpretation is not established here. Sources: MQ, MQREPORTED.

C068 — Redshift-dependent velocity consequence. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The redshift-dependent velocity claim is an observational prediction without a verified independent confirmation in this review. Sources: MQ.

Acceleration & scaling laws

C052 — Galactic acceleration-scale derivation. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The derived acceleration scale is compatible with a known galactic scale; dependency on the cosmological construction is retained. Sources: MQ.

C053 — Galactic realization/RAR derivation. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The proposed RAR is compared with existing galaxy data, without independent external replication of the MQ interpretation established here. Sources: MQ.

C064 — Baryonic Tully–Fisher consequence. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The Tully-Fisher consequence matches an established relation but does not uniquely select the proposed derivation. Sources: MQ.

Dwarfs & stellar dynamics

C067 — Held-out dwarf-population test. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 The author-reported held-out dwarf comparison uses an independent population and a frozen response; its present precision and lack of external replication prevent repeated-confirmation credit. Sources: MQ, MQREPORTED.

Clusters & merging systems

C055 — Local realizable-mass bound. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The realizable-mass bound is a scoped construction without an independently established direct test in the reviewed record. Sources: MQ.

C056 — Orbital velocity-bound consequence. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The velocity-bound consequence is a physical constraint for testing, without a verified independent confirmation in this inventory. Sources: MQ.

C061 — Cluster lensing-excess consequence. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The cluster lensing consequence is proposed, but an independently replicated quantitative explanation is not established by the reviewed record. Sources: MQ.

C062 — Collision-offset realization interpretation. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The merger-offset interpretation is physically motivated but lacks a separately verified discriminating comparison in this inventory. Sources: MQ.

Lensing & mass distributions

C060 — Weak-field lensing construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The weak-field lensing construction is compatible with established lensing, without unique validation of the MQ realization. Sources: MQ.

Laboratory precision tests

C017 — Measurement-mode difference in gravitational coupling. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 The previously fixed MQ value has a quantitative comparison with independently collected NIST data; the author-reported reanalysis and unresolved instrumental interpretation prevent repeated-confirmation credit. Sources: MQ, MQREPORTED.

Independent-data tests

C057 — SPARC population test. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 A frozen response is quantitatively compared with independently collected SPARC data; this is conditional model/data support, not an externally replicated confirmation or a claim that every radial point fits. Sources: MQ, MQREPORTED.

Limits & cross-regime consistency

C071 — Restricted normalization characterization. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The normalization characterization is a formal result without a standalone empirical target. Sources: MQ.

C075 — Flat-dust background compatibility test. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The background-compatibility diagnostic is a formal consistency test, not a new measurement. Sources: MQ.

Consistency & obstruction results

C072 — Fixed-source action-class obstruction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The action-class obstruction is a scoped mathematical diagnostic rather than a measured physical prediction. Sources: MQ.

C074 — Cosmological scalar-scaling obstruction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The scalar-scaling obstruction is a restricted theorem, not direct evidence for a cosmological model. Sources: MQ.

C076 — Primitive variation sufficiency diagnostic. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The variation-sufficiency diagnostic concerns formal assumptions and has no standalone empirical residual. Sources: MQ.

C080 — Gradient-normalization obstruction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The gradient-normalization obstruction is a formal theorem and does not independently predict a measured quantity. Sources: MQ.

C082 — Gradient-action non-vacuum stress diagnostic. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The stress diagnostic is a formal physical-consistency result, not independent empirical support for the parent model. Sources: MQ.

Robustness & calibration controls

C059 — Independent stellar-mass control. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The stellar-mass control probes model sensitivity using external information; it is not a separate confirmation of the full physical framework. Sources: MQ.

C073 — Weighted-kernel refinement repair. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The refinement repair is a mathematical method and carries no separate empirical confirmation requirement. Sources: MQ.

GR — 28 contributions; evidence index 75.0/100

Spacetime & dimensions

GR-001 — Dynamical spacetime geometry. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Dynamical geometry is supported through repeated independent clock, orbital, light-propagation and wave tests of its physical consequences. Sources: EIN.

Actions & dynamical foundations

GR-002 — Einstein gravitational field equations. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 The field-equation framework has repeated independent empirical support across distinct gravitational regimes, within tested limits. Sources: EIN.

GR-003 — Einstein-Hilbert action formulation. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The action formulation is a mathematical formulation; its equivalence to field equations is not separately counted as empirical confirmation. Sources: GR.

Gravitational dynamics

GR-004 — Schwarzschild exterior solution. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 The exterior-field prediction is repeatedly tested through orbital motion, timing and light propagation under the appropriate assumptions. Sources: GR.

GR-005 — Kerr rotating black-hole solution. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Rotating-black-hole interpretations have quantitative observational support, with inference assumptions and degeneracies retained. Sources: KERR.

GR-006 — Geodesic deviation and tidal dynamics. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Tidal/geodesic-deviation effects have quantitative support as gravitational predictions; this is not a separate proof of all field equations. Sources: EIN.

GR-007 — Mercury perihelion advance. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Perihelion advance is repeatedly measured and quantitatively consistent after nonrelativistic contributions are accounted for. Sources: GR.

Equivalence & relativistic motion

GR-008 — Einstein equivalence principle construction. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Equivalence has repeated independent empirical tests, with finite experimental bounds rather than proof of exact universal validity. Sources: EIN.

GR-009 — Relativistic geodesic motion. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Relativistic trajectories are quantitatively tested in multiple independently observed systems. Sources: EIN.

GR-010 — Post-Newtonian many-body dynamics. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Post-Newtonian motion has extensive independent timing and orbital tests within its domain. Sources: GR.

Clocks & time dilation

GR-011 — Gravitational redshift. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Gravitational redshift has repeated independent terrestrial and space-based tests. Sources: GR.

GR-012 — Proper-time description of clocks. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Proper-time clock predictions have repeated quantitative tests across velocity and gravitational-potential conditions. Sources: EIN.

GR-013 — Frame dragging. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Frame dragging has quantitative measurements, with model and systematic-error qualifications retained. Sources: GR, GPB.

Light & gravitational waves

GR-014 — Gravitational light deflection. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Light deflection has repeated independent astrometric and radio tests. Sources: GR.

GR-015 — Shapiro propagation delay. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Propagation delay has repeated spacecraft and pulsar measurements with quantitative uncertainty estimates. Sources: GR.

GR-016 — Gravitational-wave radiation and quadrupole loss. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Gravitational-wave energy loss is quantitatively tested with binary pulsars and direct wave observations. Sources: GR.

GR-017 — Binary-black-hole waveform and direct detection test. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Waveform predictions have repeated independent event-level observations; fitted source parameters do not eliminate the tests of waveform structure. Sources: GW.

Horizons & singularities

GR-018 — Gravitational-collapse singularity theorem. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The singularity theorem is formal and conditional; direct observation of the mathematical singularity is not established. Sources: PEN.

GR-019 — Black-hole mechanics laws. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The mechanical identities are formal; direct astrophysical confirmation of the full thermodynamic interpretation is not claimed. Sources: BHT.

GR-020 — Trapped-surface construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Trapped surfaces are a geometric construction rather than a directly isolated observational discovery in this inventory. Sources: PEN.

Expansion & cosmic age

GR-021 — Friedmann-Lemaitre expanding-universe solutions. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Expanding-universe solutions have quantitative support conditional on specified matter content and cosmological assumptions. Sources: GR.

Dark energy & structure growth

GR-022 — Relativistic cosmological perturbation construction. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Relativistic perturbation calculations have quantitative cosmological comparisons, with cosmological model assumptions retained. Sources: COS.

Lensing & mass distributions

GR-023 — Relativistic gravitational-lens mapping. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Lens mappings have extensive quantitative observations across independent gravitational systems. Sources: GR.

Laboratory precision tests

GR-024 — Laboratory gravitational-redshift tests. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Laboratory and space clock experiments repeatedly test gravitational-redshift predictions. Sources: GR.

Independent-data tests

GR-025 — Binary-pulsar orbital-decay test. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Binary-pulsar decay has independent system-level tests; the recorded illustrative residual is not the entire evidence basis. Sources: GR, PULSAR.

GR-026 — Lunar-ranging strong-equivalence test. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Lunar-ranging data provide a quantitative strong-equivalence test with explicit uncertainty and shared-input limitations. Sources: GR, LLR.

Limits & cross-regime consistency

GR-027 — Newtonian weak-field limit. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Recovery of the Newtonian limit is indirect compatibility with an established empirical regime, not a distinct new experimental test. Sources: EIN.

Consistency & obstruction results

GR-028 — Contracted-Bianchi conservation consistency. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The Bianchi consistency identity is a formal result rather than an independently measured physical effect. Sources: EIN.

QM/SM — 49 contributions; evidence index 87.8/100

Fundamental measures

QMSM-001 — Planck natural-unit construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Natural units are a definition/construction; their numerical definition is not an independent empirical prediction. Sources: QM.

Actions & dynamical foundations

QMSM-002 — Quantum path-integral formulation. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 The path-integral formulation computes experimentally tested quantum amplitudes across independent physical applications. Sources: PATH.

Unification & theory recovery

QMSM-003 — Electroweak unification. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Electroweak unification has repeated quantitative tests of neutral and charged interactions and their relationships. Sources: EW.

Charge & quantization

QMSM-004 — Charge renormalization in quantum electrodynamics. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Renormalized QED yields repeatedly tested finite observables; the grade concerns those physical applications, not a direct observation of a bookkeeping convention. Sources: EW.

Coupling & fine structure

QMSM-005 — Running electromagnetic coupling. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 The scale dependence of electromagnetic coupling is quantitatively tested across independent energy regimes. Sources: EW.

QMSM-006 — Vacuum-polarization contribution. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Vacuum-polarization effects enter multiple precision observables with quantitative empirical tests. Sources: EW.

Electromagnetic fields

QMSM-007 — Quantized electromagnetic field. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Quantized electromagnetic-field predictions have repeated independent photon and field-statistics tests. Sources: QM.

QMSM-008 — Photon-mediated quantum electrodynamics. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 QED scattering and bound-state predictions have repeated independent precision comparisons. Sources: EW.

Radiation & polarization

QMSM-009 — Compton scattering. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Compton kinematics and scattering behavior have repeated quantitative observations. Sources: QM.

QMSM-010 — Blackbody photon distribution. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 The photon distribution has repeated laboratory and astronomical tests over its physical domain. Sources: QM.

QMSM-011 — Photoelectric quantum description. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 The photoelectric description has repeated quantitative physical tests. Sources: QM.

QMSM-012 — Spontaneous and stimulated emission. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Spontaneous and stimulated emission are repeatedly observed and quantitatively applied. Sources: QM.

QMSM-013 — Lamb-shift radiative correction. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Radiative level shifts have repeated precision spectroscopy comparisons with explicit input dependencies. Sources: EW.

Electroweak symmetry

QMSM-014 — Higgs symmetry-breaking mechanism. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Independent collider measurements support a Higgs-like electroweak-breaking mechanism, while not resolving every ultraviolet completion. Sources: EW, HIGGS.

QMSM-015 — Weak neutral currents. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Weak neutral interactions have repeated independent experimental measurements. Sources: EW.

QMSM-016 — Massive weak-boson predictions. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Weak-boson production and properties have repeated independent tests; individual precision tensions remain separate. Sources: EW.

Quantum dynamics

QMSM-017 — Schrodinger wave dynamics. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Wave dynamics has repeated independent spectra, interference and time-evolution tests within its domain. Sources: QM.

QMSM-018 — Heisenberg matrix dynamics. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Matrix dynamics yields repeatedly tested quantum observables; equivalent formulations are not extra independent data. Sources: QM.

QMSM-019 — Quantum tunnelling. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Tunnelling is quantitatively tested across independently realized physical systems. Sources: QM.

QMSM-020 — Quantum harmonic-oscillator spectrum. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Oscillator spectra and state dynamics have repeated independent physical tests. Sources: QM.

QMSM-021 — Hydrogen bound-state spectrum. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Hydrogen energy structure has repeated high-precision spectroscopic tests with calibration dependencies retained. Sources: QM.

Measurement & probability

QMSM-022 — Born probability rule. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Probability predictions have repeated independent quantum tests; finite tests do not prove universality in every possible regime. Sources: QM.

QMSM-023 — Uncertainty relation. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Uncertainty constraints have repeated independent physical tests within their stated operational definitions. Sources: QM.

QMSM-024 — Generalized quantum-measurement formalism. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Generalized-measurement predictions have quantitative physical implementations; the grade does not prove every abstract POVM is realized. Sources: QM.

QMSM-025 — Environmental decoherence mechanism. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Decoherence dynamics has repeated physical demonstrations, without assigning a unique interpretation of measurement outcomes. Sources: DECO.

Interference & entanglement

QMSM-026 — Bell nonlocality theorem. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The Bell theorem itself is mathematical; its experimental tests receive their own physical-evidence credit. Sources: BELL64.

QMSM-027 — Loophole-free Bell test. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Loophole-controlled Bell violations have independent experimental realizations; detection significance is not a prediction-agreement sigma. Sources: BELL.

QMSM-028 — Quantum interference. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Interference is repeatedly measured across independent quantum systems. Sources: QM.

QMSM-029 — Quantum teleportation protocol. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Teleportation protocols have independent physical implementations beyond the original formal proposal. Sources: TELE.

Spin & particle structure

QMSM-030 — Pauli exclusion principle. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Exclusion-based predictions have repeated independent atomic, condensed-matter and statistical tests. Sources: QM.

QMSM-031 — Bose-Einstein statistics. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Bosonic statistics has repeated independent physical realizations and tests. Sources: QM.

QMSM-032 — Fermi-Dirac statistics. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Fermionic statistics has repeated independent physical realizations and tests. Sources: QM.

QMSM-033 — Dirac relativistic electron construction. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Relativistic-electron predictions have repeated spectroscopy, spin and scattering tests. Sources: DIRAC.

QMSM-034 — Antiparticle prediction. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Antiparticles and predicted particle-antiparticle relationships have repeated independent observations. Sources: DIRAC.

Gauge theory & scattering

QMSM-035 — Non-Abelian gauge-field construction. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Non-Abelian gauge dynamics is supported through repeated electroweak and strong-interaction observables, rather than direct observation of a gauge choice. Sources: QCD, EW.

QMSM-036 — Quantum chromodynamics and quark-gluon interactions. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 QCD predicts repeatedly tested hadronic and high-energy behavior, while nonperturbative challenges remain. Sources: QCD.

QMSM-037 — Asymptotic freedom. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Asymptotic freedom is tested through scale-dependent strong-interaction observables. Sources: QCD.

QMSM-038 — CKM quark-mixing description. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 The mixing description is constrained and cross-tested by multiple independent decay channels. Sources: QM.

QMSM-039 — Quark CP-violation mechanism. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Quark-sector CP violation has independent observations consistent with the stated mechanism, with precision tests ongoing. Sources: QM.

QMSM-040 — Lattice-QCD hadron-spectrum construction. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Lattice calculations yield quantitative comparisons for hadron quantities, retaining input masses, scale setting and computational uncertainties. Sources: QCD.

QMSM-041 — Perturbative scattering-diagram method. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 The scattering-calculation method produces repeatedly tested predictions; algebraic diagram identities are not additional empirical tests. Sources: EW.

QMSM-042 — Factorization and parton evolution. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Factorized calculations and parton evolution have repeated independent high-energy data comparisons. Sources: QCD.

Laboratory precision tests

QMSM-043 — Electron anomalous magnetic-moment calculation and comparison. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 The magnetic-moment comparison is quantitative, but its dependence on independent fine-structure inputs prevents an unqualified universal-agreement claim. Sources: EW.

QMSM-044 — Electroweak precision-fit test. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Global electroweak fits have quantitative support with known precision tensions; fit quality is not a probability that the full Standard Model is true. Sources: EW.

Independent-data tests

QMSM-045 — Higgs-boson discovery test. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 The Higgs discovery and subsequent property measurements were independently observed by collider experiments. Sources: QM, HIGGS.

Limits & cross-regime consistency

QMSM-046 — Correspondence to classical dynamics. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The classical limit is indirect recovery of an established regime, not a standalone new confirmation. Sources: PATH.

Consistency & obstruction results

QMSM-047 — Gauge-anomaly cancellation in the Standard Model. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Anomaly cancellation is a formal consistency property rather than a separately measured physical event. Sources: EW.

QMSM-048 — Perturbative renormalizability of electroweak gauge theory. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Renormalizability is a mathematical property, not an independently measured observable. Sources: EW.

Robustness & calibration controls

QMSM-049 — Renormalization-scale uncertainty control in QCD. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Scale-variation controls quantify theoretical uncertainty in empirical applications, without constituting an independent physical confirmation. Sources: QCD.

ΛCDM — 22 contributions; evidence index 65.9/100

Early-universe dynamics

CDM-001 — Cold-dark-matter initial-condition construction. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 The cold-dark-matter initial-condition framework has quantitative structure/CMB applications, conditional on its primordial input spectrum. Sources: COS.

Expansion & cosmic age

CDM-002 — Matter-radiation-dark-energy expansion history. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Expansion-history fits have quantitative multi-probe support, with Hubble and dark-energy tensions retained. Sources: PLANCK, ACT.

CDM-003 — Cosmic-age inference from joint cosmological data. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Cosmic age is a model-dependent inference from fitted cosmological data, not a direct independent prediction of the same fit. Sources: PLANCK, ACT.

CMB & primordial fluctuations

CDM-004 — CMB temperature acoustic-spectrum calculation. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Temperature-spectrum structure is quantitatively reproduced across independent CMB experiments, conditional on model and foreground parameters. Sources: PLANCK, ACT.

CDM-005 — CMB polarization-spectrum calculation. Grade 4/4 · 100/100 Polarization-spectrum predictions are tested by independent CMB experiments and cross-spectra. Sources: PLANCK, ACT.

CDM-006 — CMB lensing-spectrum reconstruction and comparison. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Lensing-spectrum reconstruction provides a quantitative cosmological test, retaining shared-sky covariance and reconstruction assumptions. Sources: PLENS, ACT.

Cosmic matter & asymmetry

CDM-007 — Cosmic baryon-density inference. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Baryon density is inferred by fitting data; cross-checks do not turn the fitted value itself into an independent prediction. Sources: PLANCK, ACT.

CDM-008 — Cold-dark-matter density inference. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Dark-matter density is a model-dependent inferred parameter, not direct identification of a dark-matter particle. Sources: PLANCK, ACT.

CDM-009 — Primordial-abundance consistency with cosmological baryon density. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Primordial-abundance comparisons provide a quantitative baryon-density consistency test with independent nuclear/abundance assumptions. Sources: COS, ACT.

Dark energy & structure growth

CDM-010 — Dark-energy acceleration fit. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Accelerated expansion has quantitative support, but a strict cosmological constant is not uniquely established and DESI combinations show model-dependent tensions. Sources: PLANCK, ACT.

CDM-011 — Linear matter-power-spectrum construction. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 The matter spectrum has quantitative comparisons across large-scale probes, retaining bias, nonlinear and neutrino assumptions. Sources: PLANCK, ACT.

CDM-012 — Hierarchical cold-dark-matter structure formation. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Hierarchical formation has quantitative large-scale observational support, with unresolved baryonic and small-scale details. Sources: NFW, ACT.

CDM-013 — Baryon-acoustic-distance consistency. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 BAO distances provide quantitative consistency tests, with sound-horizon calibration and dataset dependencies retained. Sources: PLANCK, ACT.

Galaxy rotation curves

CDM-014 — Dark-halo galaxy-rotation construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Halo-based rotation modelling fits observed galaxies with object-dependent halo/baryonic parameters. Sources: NFW.

Acceleration & scaling laws

CDM-015 — Halo density-profile relationship. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The halo-profile result originates in simulations and observational fits; inner-profile diversity limits an unqualified universal match. Sources: NFW.

Dwarfs & stellar dynamics

CDM-016 — Dark-subhalo population construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Subhalo predictions are compared with satellite populations subject to selection and baryonic modelling; this is not exact agreement for every small-scale statistic. Sources: COS.

Clusters & merging systems

CDM-017 — Cluster mass-function cosmological test. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Cluster abundances provide quantitative cosmological tests with mass-calibration and selection uncertainties. Sources: COS.

CDM-018 — Collisionless dark-matter merger interpretation. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Merging clusters provide quantitative observational support for collisionless mass interpretations, without uniquely identifying cold-dark-matter microphysics. Sources: COS.

Lensing & mass distributions

CDM-019 — Cosmic-shear growth-and-geometry test. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Cosmic-shear comparisons are quantitative and retain survey-calibration and growth-tension qualifications. Sources: COS.

Independent-data tests

CDM-020 — Joint CMB and external-distance consistency test. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 CMB/external-distance comparisons supply a quantitative cross-probe test, with existing tensions explicitly retained. Sources: PLANCK, ACT.

Limits & cross-regime consistency

CDM-021 — Matter-dominated and radiation-dominated limits. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The limiting solutions are formal model limits; the same observations supporting expansion are not counted again as independent evidence for an algebraic limit. Sources: COS.

Robustness & calibration controls

CDM-022 — Cosmological parameter-degeneracy and likelihood control. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Likelihood and parameter-degeneracy controls support empirical inference but are not separate physical confirmations. Sources: PLANCK.

MOND — 21 contributions; evidence index 47.6/100

Actions & dynamical foundations

MOND-001 — AQUAL action-based gravitational formulation. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The action construction recovers empirically successful galaxy phenomenology; this is indirect compatibility rather than a unique test of the action. Sources: MOND.

MOND-002 — QUMOND quasi-linear gravitational formulation. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The quasi-linear construction reproduces successful phenomenology while remaining distinct from independent validation of its primitive dynamics. Sources: QUM.

Gravitational dynamics

MOND-003 — TeVeS covariant gravitational formulation. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 The relativistic proposal is testable but faces important model-specific constraints; the original formulation is not treated as established. Sources: TEVES.

MOND-004 — Relativistic Aether-scalar-tensor formulation. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The relativistic construction is compared with data, with parameter fitting and absence of independent confirmation of its full mechanism retained. Sources: SKORDIS.

Equivalence & relativistic motion

MOND-005 — Conserved composite-body acceleration in QUMOND. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Composite-body conservation is a formal property of the construction, not a distinct measured MOND effect. Sources: QUM.

Light & gravitational waves

MOND-006 — Relativistic MOND light-deflection construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Relativistic light-deflection modelling can be compared with observations, without uniquely validating the parent theory. Sources: TEVES.

CMB & primordial fluctuations

MOND-007 — TeVeS cosmological perturbation and CMB construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The TeVeS cosmological calculation can be fitted to specified data under model assumptions; this does not establish overall viability of every original TeVeS variant. Sources: SK06.

MOND-008 — Aether-scalar-tensor CMB-spectrum construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The Aether-scalar-tensor CMB construction is an empirical fit under stated parameters, not independent confirmation of its mechanism. Sources: SKORDIS.

Dark energy & structure growth

MOND-009 — Aether-scalar-tensor linear matter-spectrum construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The linear matter-spectrum calculation is compared with data within the same fitted relativistic model. Sources: SKORDIS.

Galaxy rotation curves

MOND-010 — Deep-MOND asymptotically flat rotation law. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 The low-acceleration rotation consequence has quantitative galaxy observations, without establishing MOND as the unique explanation. Sources: MOND, RAR.

MOND-011 — Baryon-specified galaxy-rotation prediction. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Baryon-specified rotation predictions have quantitative galaxy comparisons with distance and stellar-mass uncertainties. Sources: MOND, RAR.

Acceleration & scaling laws

MOND-012 — Baryonic Tully-Fisher normalization and slope. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 The baryonic Tully-Fisher relation has quantitative population support, retaining calibration and scatter qualifications. Sources: MOND, RAR.

MOND-013 — Mass-discrepancy-acceleration relationship. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 The acceleration relation is measured across galaxies; its existence does not uniquely select the MOND ontology. Sources: MOND, RAR.

MOND-014 — Surface-density-dependent dynamical discrepancy. Grade 3/4 · 75/100 Surface-density-dependent discrepancies have quantitative observational support in the specified phenomenological regime. Sources: MOND, RAR.

Dwarfs & stellar dynamics

MOND-015 — External-field effect in dwarf/stellar systems. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 External-field applications have data comparisons but remain contested and model/systematics dependent. Sources: MOND.

MOND-016 — Low-acceleration pressure-supported velocity-dispersion relation. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Dispersion comparisons depend on equilibrium, anisotropy and external-field assumptions. Sources: MOND.

Clusters & merging systems

MOND-017 — Residual cluster-mass discrepancy diagnostic. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The residual cluster-mass problem is a documented limitation, not positive empirical support for a complete MOND explanation without extra mass. Sources: MOND.

Lensing & mass distributions

MOND-018 — MONDian gravitational-lens mass construction. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Lensing constructions have observational applications with relativistic-model and additional-mass assumptions retained. Sources: TEVES.

Limits & cross-regime consistency

MOND-019 — High-acceleration Newtonian recovery. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Newtonian recovery is indirect consistency with a tested regime, not unique confirmation of MOND. Sources: QUM.

Consistency & obstruction results

MOND-020 — Second-order ghost-stability analysis in Aether-scalar-tensor theory. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Ghost-stability analysis is a formal consistency test, not an empirical detection. Sources: SKORDIS.

Robustness & calibration controls

MOND-021 — Galaxy mass-to-light calibration control. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Mass-to-light controls constrain empirical fits but are not independent confirmation of the full theory. Sources: MOND.

Strings — 23 contributions; evidence index 6.5/100

Fundamental measures

Strings-001 — String tension and characteristic length-scale construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The characteristic string scale is a model parameter/construction without a direct empirical determination in this record. Sources: STR.

Spacetime & dimensions

Strings-002 — Critical-dimension consistency construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Critical-dimension consistency is formal rather than a measurement of extra dimensions. Sources: STR.

Strings-003 — T-duality and compactification-radius equivalence. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 T-duality is a formal equivalence with no independent direct physical test established here. Sources: STR.

Strings-004 — Calabi-Yau compactification construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The compactification construction is formal; the particular compact geometry is not empirically identified. Sources: STR.

Actions & dynamical foundations

Strings-005 — Worldsheet quantum formulation of strings. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Worldsheet quantization is a formal framework without direct empirical selection as the description of our universe. Sources: STR.

Unification & theory recovery

Strings-006 — Gauge-gravity string unification construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The unification construction is formal; it has no distinctive confirmed unification measurement in this record. Sources: STR.

Strings-007 — Heterotic-string construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The heterotic construction has no independently selected empirical realization here. Sources: STR.

Strings-008 — M-theory duality framework. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The duality framework has formal evidence but no standalone empirical confirmation of M-theory in this inventory. Sources: STR.

Strings-009 — AdS/CFT gauge-gravity duality. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The duality has extensive formal checks; those are not direct empirical selection of string theory for our universe. Sources: ADS.

Gravitational dynamics

Strings-010 — Massless spin-two graviton and low-energy gravity. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 Recovery of a massless spin-two gravitational degree of freedom is indirect compatibility with a successful gravitational description, not direct evidence for strings. Sources: STR.

Horizons & singularities

Strings-011 — Microscopic entropy of specified extremal black holes. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The microstate entropy matches a formal black-hole target in specified models; direct measurement of those microstates is not established. Sources: SV.

Charge & quantization

Strings-012 — D-brane Ramond-Ramond charge construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The D-brane charge construction is formal and has no directly observed D-brane realization here. Sources: STR.

Quantum dynamics

Strings-013 — D-brane open-string dynamics. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The open-string dynamics is a formal construction without independently identified physical D-branes. Sources: STR.

Interference & entanglement

Strings-014 — Holographic entanglement-entropy construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The entropy construction is a formal/conjectural relation; physical applications do not alone validate fundamental strings. Sources: RT.

Spin & particle structure

Strings-015 — Supersymmetric string-spectrum construction. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 Specified supersymmetric particle models have testable parameter ranges, but a string spectrum has not been independently confirmed; generic spectra are not unique fixed predictions. Sources: STR.

Gauge theory & scattering

Strings-016 — Veneziano dual-resonance scattering amplitude. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The amplitude is a formal/historical construction; its existence is not modern quantitative confirmation of fundamental string physics. Sources: STR.

Strings-017 — Open/closed-string scattering relations. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Open/closed scattering relations are formal results without standalone empirical selection of strings. Sources: STR.

Early-universe dynamics

Strings-018 — String inflation model constructions. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 Specified inflationary models offer observational tests, but no distinctive string-inflation mechanism is confirmed in this record. Sources: STR.

Cosmic matter & asymmetry

Strings-019 — Flux stabilization of compactification moduli. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Moduli stabilization is a conditional construction without an independently measured compactification vacuum. Sources: KKLT.

Dark energy & structure growth

Strings-020 — KKLT metastable de Sitter construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The debated vacuum construction is not empirical determination of our cosmological vacuum. Sources: KKLT.

Limits & cross-regime consistency

Strings-021 — Low-energy supergravity limit. Grade 2/4 · 50/100 The low-energy gravity limit provides indirect compatibility with a tested regime, not a direct test of its string origin. Sources: STR.

Consistency & obstruction results

Strings-022 — Superstring gauge/gravitational anomaly cancellation. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Anomaly cancellation is a formal consistency achievement rather than an independently measured string effect. Sources: STR.

Strings-023 — Worldsheet conformal-consistency constraints. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Worldsheet consistency constraints are mathematical conditions, not a physical observation of strings. Sources: STR.

LQG — 15 contributions; evidence index 1.7/100

Fundamental measures

LQG-001 — Discrete area-operator spectrum. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The area spectrum is a formal kinematical result with no direct physical spectrum measurement in this record. Sources: LQG.

LQG-002 — Discrete volume-operator spectrum. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The volume spectrum is a formal kinematical result with no direct physical spectrum measurement in this record. Sources: LQG.

Spacetime & dimensions

LQG-003 — Spin-network quantum geometry. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Spin-network geometry is formal; no independent direct observation of that microstructure is established. Sources: LQG.

Actions & dynamical foundations

LQG-004 — Connection/holonomy gravitational formulation. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The connection/holonomy formulation is a formal construction rather than standalone empirical confirmation. Sources: LQG.

LQG-005 — Background-independent quantum-state construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Background-independent states are a formal framework property, not an experimentally isolated prediction here. Sources: LQG.

Gravitational dynamics

LQG-006 — Spin-foam transition-amplitude construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Spin-foam amplitudes are formal/model constructions without a discriminating empirical confirmation in this record. Sources: LQG.

Light & gravitational waves

LQG-007 — Semiclassical graviton-correlation calculation. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The restricted semiclassical correlation calculation is a formal recovery test; its specific dynamics is not separately confirmed. Sources: LQG.

Horizons & singularities

LQG-008 — Isolated-horizon microstate entropy construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The microstate entropy calculation is formal and parameter dependent; direct physical state counting is not established. Sources: LQG.

LQG-009 — Symmetry-reduced black-hole interior singularity treatment. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The reduced black-hole interior construction lacks a direct empirical test of the claimed singularity treatment. Sources: LQG.

Quantum dynamics

LQG-010 — Hamiltonian-constraint operator construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The constraint operator is a formal construction with unresolved dynamical questions, not an empirically selected physical operator. Sources: LQG.

Early-universe dynamics

LQG-011 — Homogeneous loop-quantum-cosmology bounce. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The bounce occurs in a restricted cosmological model; direct evidence of that bounce is not established. Sources: APS.

CMB & primordial fluctuations

LQG-012 — Loop-quantum-cosmology perturbation construction. Grade 1/4 · 25/100 Specified primordial-perturbation models can be constrained by CMB data, but a distinctive loop-cosmology signal is not confirmed here. Sources: LQC.

Limits & cross-regime consistency

LQG-013 — Semiclassical-state and continuum-limit constructions. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The partial limit constructions are formal consistency work, not independent physical confirmation. Sources: LQG.

Consistency & obstruction results

LQG-014 — Physical-state and Dirac-observable construction in scalar-clock cosmology. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The state/observable construction is formal in a restricted model rather than a direct physical observation. Sources: APS.

Robustness & calibration controls

LQG-015 — Analytical/numerical evolution control across the cosmological bounce. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Numerical evolution control is a method result; simulation consistency is not empirical evidence for a cosmological bounce. Sources: APS.

APG — 10 contributions; evidence index 0.0/100

Spacetime & dimensions

APG-001 — Positive-geometry canonical-form framework. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The canonical-form framework is mathematical, not an independently measured new physical law. Sources: PG.

Gauge theory & scattering

APG-002 — Positive-Grassmannian scattering representation. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The scattering representation is a formal result; rewriting a known amplitude does not create an independent experimental confirmation. Sources: AMP.

APG-003 — Tree-level amplituhedron scattering construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The tree construction is formal in a restricted supersymmetric theory without direct empirical identification of that theory. Sources: AMP.

APG-004 — Loop-integrand amplituhedron construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The loop-integrand construction is formal and does not constitute a separate measured scattering discovery. Sources: AMP.

APG-005 — Kinematic-associahedron scalar-amplitude construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The scalar-amplitude construction concerns a specified mathematical model, not a separately confirmed physical scalar theory. Sources: ASSOC.

APG-006 — Scattering-form gauge/color-kinematics construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The scattering-form result is formal; conventional gauge-theory success does not uniquely validate this geometric reformulation as physical ontology. Sources: ASSOC.

CMB & primordial fluctuations

APG-007 — Cosmological-polytope wavefunction construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The cosmological-polytope result concerns specified toy models with no independent empirical selection of their proposed geometry. Sources: POLY.

APG-008 — Inflationary-correlator bootstrap construction. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The correlator bootstrap is a formal reconstruction under assumptions; it is not a standalone detected primordial particle signal. Sources: BOOT.

Consistency & obstruction results

APG-009 — Winding/sign-flip characterization of amplituhedron geometry. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 The sign-flip characterization is a formal geometric result with no distinct empirical measurement to rate. Sources: WIND.

Robustness & calibration controls

APG-010 — Canonical-form triangulation and computation methods. Grade 0/4 · 0/100 Canonical-form computation is a mathematical method, not a new independently measured physical prediction. Sources: PG.

Foundations & unification

Gravitation & relativity

Electromagnetism

Quantum physics

Cosmology

Galaxies & lensing

Precision tests

Historical Contributions from Figures in Physics and Astronomy

Contribution counts and empirical evidence

Scope, attribution, and evidence

MQ — 83 contributions; evidence index 29.2/100

Fundamental measures

Constants & relationships

Spacetime & dimensions

Actions & dynamical foundations

Unification & theory recovery

Gravitational dynamics

Equivalence & relativistic motion

Clocks & time dilation

Horizons & singularities

Charge & quantization

Coupling & fine structure

Radiation & polarization

Quantum dynamics

Measurement & probability

Interference & entanglement

Spin & particle structure

Gauge theory & scattering

Early-universe dynamics

Expansion & cosmic age

CMB & primordial fluctuations

Cosmic matter & asymmetry

Dark energy & structure growth

Galaxy rotation curves

Acceleration & scaling laws

Dwarfs & stellar dynamics

Clusters & merging systems

Lensing & mass distributions

Laboratory precision tests

Independent-data tests

Limits & cross-regime consistency

Consistency & obstruction results

Robustness & calibration controls

GR — 28 contributions; evidence index 75.0/100

Spacetime & dimensions

Actions & dynamical foundations

Gravitational dynamics

Equivalence & relativistic motion

Clocks & time dilation

Light & gravitational waves

Horizons & singularities

Expansion & cosmic age

Dark energy & structure growth

Lensing & mass distributions

Laboratory precision tests

Independent-data tests

Limits & cross-regime consistency

Consistency & obstruction results

QM/SM — 49 contributions; evidence index 87.8/100

Fundamental measures

Actions & dynamical foundations

Unification & theory recovery

Charge & quantization

Coupling & fine structure

Electromagnetic fields

Radiation & polarization

Electroweak symmetry

Quantum dynamics

Measurement & probability

Interference & entanglement

Spin & particle structure

Gauge theory & scattering

Laboratory precision tests

Independent-data tests

Limits & cross-regime consistency

Consistency & obstruction results

Robustness & calibration controls

ΛCDM — 22 contributions; evidence index 65.9/100

Early-universe dynamics

Expansion & cosmic age