^a 2018 Planck collaboration results using TT,TE,EE+lowE.

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• θ_si, is 3.26239 radians or kg m/s (momentum) or no units at all a function of the chosen frame of reference. This is a new constant to modern theory and exists in nearly every equation of the model. It may be measured macroscopically given specific Bell states necessary for quantum entanglement of X-rays such as those carried out by Shwartz and Harris.

• Ω_Vis is the mass that is presently seen from a point in space.
• Ω_Obs is the mass that is presently or will eventually be seen from a point in space.
• Ω_Dk is the mass that is beyond the observable mass, mass which will never be seen from a given point in space.
• Ω_Uobs is the mass that will eventually be seen from a point in space but is not presently in view.
• Ω_Tot is all the mass in the universe.

The term dark energy is a placeholder that represents a collection of behaviors describing our expanding universe. Notably, universal expansion carries two properties. One, galaxies are moving away at an ever increasing rate, faster for galaxies that are more distant. And two, expansion occurs without an associated force of accelleration. It is as though space expands carrying galaxies along with it. This is also known as the metric expansion of space.

We approach a description of expansion using an approach to classical description called Measurement Quantization (MQ). This is a physically significant approach that considers three frames of reference, such that the notions of measure - length, mass, and time - are best described using counts n_L, n_M, and/or n_T of physically significant references l_f, m_f, and/or t_f.

We call attention to frames of reference as resolved in an analysis of the physical significance of measure. That analysis demonstrates three properties of measure, discreteness, countability and in reference to three frames of reference. The three frames are 1) the Reference Frame, 2) the Measurement Frame and 3) the Target Frame. Classical descriptions often consider only the Reference and Measurement frames, ignoring the Target Frame of the universe. MQ considers the universe as a system, the relation of observers relative to the system and the relation between observers.

Notably, because the notion of measure - length, mass, and time - is a system function of the reference, it follows that the Target Frame of the universe which has no external refeence must be non-discrete. The Measurement Frame of the observer is discrete. And the relation of the reference measures is described by the fundamental expression, l_fm_f=2θ_sit_f.

Therein, we can organize the fundamental expression with respect to the Target Frame to resolve the relation between the diameter D_U and age A_U of the universe.

A scaling of the fundamental expression carries with it an implicit axiom regarding universal expansion; that the radial rate of expansion is constant and that the effective curvature of the universe is flat. This is to say that expansion is balanced such that the universe will continue to expand indefinitely. Is this understanding correct?

There are two ways to approach this question. One, we consider paradoxes that are incurred if we should not agree with this interpretation. Specifically, an MQ expansion of the fundamental expression does not describe a property of the Measurement Frame. It describes the relation of the fundamental measures while also considering that relation with respect to the Target Frame. To argue that expansion is anything other than that relation described by the fundamental expression is to argue that the relation of the fundamental measures differs and/or is changing. Therein, the speed of light would differ or change, either with respect to different observers and/or with respect to elapsed time. Such arguments have no supporting evidence.

The second way to approach this problem is by direct measurement. We present the following table which considers expressions each primarily a function of one term in the fundamental expression. Each are for the most part a function of CMB measurements, which as described by modern theory and MQ represent a phenomenon from the earliest epcoh. This analysis also finds significant correlation.

And finally, with this foundation we can use the fundamental expression as a description of observational domains to resolve the dark domain, what up until this time has been called dark energy. Notably, the dark domain does have an associated mass equal to the mass/energy associated with dark energy, but we interpret this domain as that part of the universe we cannot observe.

MQ approaches a description of the universe - and the CMB power spectrum - as a function of observational domains. There is what is presently visible Ω_vis, the observable Ω_obs being what will be visible given infinite elapsed time, the unobserved Ω_uobs describing their difference and the dark Ω_dk being all that which will never be observed due to the metric expansion of space.

The dark is resolved such that,

Notably, all expressions are a function of θ_si. Moreover, because θ_si can be resolved with 13 digits of physical significance as a measure of the fine structure constant, we can resolve each distribution to this precision.

With this presentation we then attribute the metric expansion of space to the construct of the universe. Specifically, the notion of measure is an emergent feature of the universe and the notion of length best described by the Pythagorean theorem. Such that time elapses, we find a balanced expression only where a count of the fundamental measure length and a count of the fundamental measure mass also increases. We call the prior universal expansion. For reference, the latter is called mass accretion and it occurs at a fixed rate as described by,