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A_U is the age of the universe.

• H is the value of H0 m s-1Mpc-1 when resolved with respect to universal expansion (i.e., the Target Frame).
• H_U is the rate of universal expansion with respect to the diameter of the universe (per D_U). This differs from stellar expansion (i.e., Hubble’s description).
• *H_f is the Hubble frequency.
• θ_si can be measured as the polarization angle of quantum entangled X-rays at the degenerate frequency of a maximal Bell state. As an angle θ_si=3.26239 rad ± 2 μrad; as a momentum θ_si=3.26239030392(48) kg m s^-1 and with respect to the Target Frame, θ_si has no units. The relation of angle and mass is mathematically demonstrated, as well, by No-Ping Chen, et. al.
• c is the speed of light which may also be written as c=n_Ll_f/n_Tt_f=299,792,458 m/s such that n_L=n_T=1 is physically significant.
• n_Lu is a count of l_f equal to the diameter of the universe.

There are several tens of notable experiments that measure the rate of expansion of our universe. Rather than provide an on-going citation of those experiments we refer the reader to this regularly updated list kept on Wikipedia:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s_law

Notably, the most recent experiments still continue to find results that support the calculations arrived at using Informativity. Example 2019 results are summarized here:

1. 2019-08-15 73.5±1.4 Riess, A. G.; Pesce, D. W.; Reid, M. J. (15 August 2019). "An Improved Distance to NGC 4258 and its Implications for the Hubble Constant". Retrieved 16 August 2019.
2. 2019-07-16 69.8±1.9 Sokol, Joshua (19 July 2019). "Debate intensifies over speed of expanding universe". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aay8123. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
3. 2019-07-10 73.3+1.7−1.8 Sidney van den Bergh (2019). "H0LiCOW XIII. A 2.4% measurement of H0 from lensed quasars: 5.3σ tension between early and late-Universe probes", arXiv:1907.04869
4. 2019-07-08 70.3+5.3−5.0 Hotokezaka, K.; et al. (8 July 2019). "A Hubble constant measurement from superluminal motion of the jet in GW170817". Nature Astronomy: 385. arXiv:1806.10596. Bibcode:2019NatAs.tmp..385H. doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0820-1. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
5. 2019-03-28 68.0+4.2−4.1 Domínguez, Alberto; et al. (28 March 2019), A new measurement of the Hubble constant and matter content of the Universe using extragalactic background light γ-ray attenuation, arXiv:1903.12097v1
6. 2019-03-18 74.03±1.42 Riess, Adam G.; Casertano, Stefano; Yuan, Wenlong; Macri, Lucas M.; Scolnic, Dan (18 March 2019), Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheid Standards Provide a 1% Foundation for the Determination of the Hubble Constant and Stronger Evidence for Physics Beyond LambdaCDM, arXiv:1903.07603
7. 2019-02-08 67.78+0.91 −0.87 Ryan, Joseph; Chen, Yun; Ratra, Bharat (8 February 2019), "Baryon acoustic oscillation, Hubble parameter, and angular size measurement constraints on the Hubble constant, dark energy dynamics, and spatial curvature", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: 1893, arXiv:1902.03196

The fundamental expression l_fm_f=2θ_sit_f can be extended such that a count of the fundamental measure of length l_f divided by a count of the fundamental measure of time t_f representative of the radius R_U and age A_U of the universe describes its expansion. The correlation, at first sight, appears overly simplistic. This is concerning as it is as though we have falsely assumed that the rate of expansion is an equality with the fundamental measures, and as such described a flat universe. Physical support for this claim is provided by paradox where it is not true and physical support by comparing CMB measurements with calculated values using the Measurement Quantization (MQ) approach.

A consequence of referential systems, MQ descriptions of universal expansion are an extension of those principles argued by Einstein, but greater in scope. With an MQ understanding of nature there are three frames of reference: the reference frame, the discrete Measuement Frame of the observer and the non-discrete Target Frame of the universe. Considering the difference between these frames allows us to resolve expressions and values for the physical constants and the laws of nature.

We begin, as such, describing expansion as a consequence of the Measurement Frame. Length, mass and time are all self-referencing consequences of the system. With this in mind, we reexamine the universe as an extension of the fundamental expression.

Given elapsed time and the fundamental expression, such an analysis demonstrates specific rates for increasing length and increasing mass independently. Increasing length is as recognized, a phenomenon associated with dark energy. The possibility of mass accretion, though, is an outcome of MQ. The rate of mass accretion M_acr is found to be constant throughout both the quantum and inflationary epochs. We can use M_acr to calculate the accumulated mass corresponding to the trigger event which then defines the transition from a quantum inflationary epoch to the expansionary epoch. The calculations of accumulated mass, thus making up what we see today as the CMB, match our best observational data, four significant digits. We can also use the expression for M_acr to calculate the mass of the universe today. This calculation matchs to five significant digits, based on CMB measurements of the age of the universe. Finally, we can use M_acr to validate a description of galactic rotation, again a match, a 1.6 km/s standard deviation with respect to star velocities in the Milky way. But, let us start with correlations that can be carried out in the laboratory. For instance, expansion can be correlated with the measure of a fundamental unit of mass m_f.

We should note, the rate of expansion 2θ_si is defined with respect to the system, the universe. Traditionally Hubble's constant is defined per megaparsec. We will convert the measurement for you shortly. But, for now we continue with citations of physical correspondence, such as this expression containing the gravitational constant

In addition to the above cosmological measurement expression for m_f, universal expansion and the relative values for the fundamental measures, l_f, m_f and t_f are correlated. That is to say, had the rate of expansion as defined with respect to the system - the universe - been different, then the fundamental measures would have differing values. If this rate of expansion varied over time, then the values of the fundamental measures would also vary relatively. Such a proposition would be difficult to maintain as it would also imply that such variation had occurred in the past and where the values of the fundamental measures are implicit to the radial distance of electrons about atoms, such change would be reflected in the spectral lines of stars that form in the early universe. Moreover, there is some question whether such atoms would be stable. MQ presents a framework in which we can provide physical support that what is observed corresponds to a flat universe with a constant rate of expansion that follows the expressions of MQ.

With respect to the 2010 CODATA each measure is correlated to six significant digits. Notably, the 2018 CODATA measure of G incorporates new measurement techniques that are affected by the Informativity differential. For this reason, we cite the 2010 data when comparing MQ expressions with measurement data for Planck's units.

Also at work in the expansion of the universe are the effects described by relativity. Those effects are usually ignored in modern theory in that a means to resolve the time dilation between a quantum and expansionary epoch is not possible without a physical model that identifies the trigger between them. MQ provides a complete picture.

Yet another approach, the value of the expansion parameter θ_si can be measured as the angle of polarization of X-rays in Bell states at their degenerate frequency. The calculations and measurement data can be found in the section labeled 'Quantum Entangled X-rays'. The expansion parameter can also be measured with respect to discrete gravity. θ_si is also present when defining Planck's constant and in expressions that describe galactic rotation. Importantly, resolving θ_si does not assume a flat universe - a universe without curvature - when recognizing the physical significance of frames of reference. This is properly resolved as a property of measure and presented in the paper entitled, Measurement Quantization Describes the History of the Universe....

The expressions above describe what in MQ is call universal expansion, the rate at which space expands. In contrast, we identify the rate at which galaxies move away from one another as stellar expansion. In practice, the two measures are nearly one and the same, differing only by the smallest of value due to the force of gravitation since the earliest epoch.

To assure no confusion in symbols, we identify universal expansion when written in units Mpc^-1 with the symbol H. We identify universal frequency, that being the inverse of the universal expansion parameter with H_f. And finally, where universal expansion is defined per the diameter of the universe (as opposed to per megaparsec), we use the symbol H_U. It is as such, that the calculation of universal expansion is

The expansion parameter 2θ_si describes the rate of expansion when defined with respect to the universe. From this we resolve that the rate is invariant. We also find that there is no faster-than-light inflationary period. The early universe is characterized by a period of quantum expansion that lasts for 363,312 years. Specifically notable, the calculations are a consequence of discrete measure. They unfold without the need for a premise or conjecture.